An antibiotic with bactericidal activity may improve bacterial killing when host defenses are impaired locally at the site of infection (eg, in meningitis or endocarditis) or systemically (eg, in patients who are neutropenic or immunocompromised in other ways). More precise quantitative methods identify the minimum in vitro concentration at which an antibiotic can inhibit growth (minimum inhibitory concentration ) or kill (minimum bactericidal concentration ). These definitions are not absolute bacteriostatic drugs may kill some susceptible bacterial species, and bactericidal drugs may only inhibit growth of some susceptible bacterial species. Bacteriostatic drugs slow or stop in vitro bacterial growth. read moreīactericidal drugs kill bacteria. The biliary system contributes to excretion to the degree that drug is not reabsorbed from the gastrointestinal. read more, and excretion Drug Excretion The kidneys are the principal organs for excreting water-soluble substances. Although metabolism typically inactivates drugs, some drug metabolites are pharmacologically active-sometimes even.
read more (concentration in fluids and tissues, protein binding), rate of metabolism Drug Metabolism The liver is the principal site of drug metabolism (for review, see ).
Distribution is generally uneven because of differences in blood perfusion, tissue binding (eg, because. read more, distribution Drug Distribution to Tissues After a drug enters the systemic circulation, it is distributed to the body’s tissues. Dosage forms (eg, tablets, capsules, solutions), consisting of the drug plus. read more : The time course of antibiotic levels, which are affected by factors such as absorption Drug Absorption Drug absorption is determined by the drug’s physicochemical properties, formulation, and route of administration. Pharmacokinetics Overview of Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetics, sometimes described as what the body does to a drug, refers to the movement of drug into, through, and out of the body-the time course of its absorption, bioavailability, distribution. These antibiotics bind to the 30S ribosome, thereby inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis.
#Achroma antimicrobial plus#
read more ) plus an aminoglycoside Aminoglycosides Aminoglycosides have concentration-dependent bactericidal activity. Vancomycin is not appreciably absorbed from a normal gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. Subclasses include Carbapenems Cephalosporins and cephamycins (cephems) Clavams Monobactams read more, vancomycin Vancomycin Vancomycin is a bactericidal antibiotic that inhibits cell wall synthesis. A common example is a cell wall–active antibiotic (eg, a beta-lactam Beta-Lactams Beta-lactams are antibiotics that have a beta-lactam ring nucleus. Synergism is usually defined as a more rapid and complete bactericidal action from a combination of antibiotics than occurs with either antibiotic alone. For serious infections, combinations of antibiotics are often necessary because multiple species of bacteria may be present or because combinations act synergistically against a single species of bacteria.
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